Номер 3, страница 27 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс рабочая тетрадь Афанасьева, Михеева

Unit two. Town and its architecture - номер 3, страница 27.

Условие.

3. Read the text and complete it with the phrases (a—i).

a) painter and writer

b) intended to compensate for the loss of usable floor area at ground level

c) it was often mainly glass

d) a track for joggers

e) and is still a strong influence today

f) who are given freedom to express their ideas

g) the personality of those who designed the building

h) the monotonous repetitions of verticals and horisontals

i) which he planned in the 1950s

Le Corbusier

After the First World War the doctrine of Functionalism in architecture came into favour. The idea behind this was that, if a building or object is perfectly fitted for its function and constructed with sensible regard for the materials used, it will be pleasing to the eye and satisfying to the mind. The great Swiss architect, 1. ________, Le Corbusier, the pseudonym of Charles Jeanneret (1887—1965), pointed to Greek temples as perfect examples of this. The Functionalists discarded traditional conventions and superficial ornament, and had a great simplifying and purifying influence on design in every kind of material. This new tradition soon spread around the world 2. ________.

A new method of building construction — reinforced concrete — was perfectly suited to this structural approach. Concrete floors were supported on upright steel girders. The outer skin could be of any suitable material — 3. ________. The inner walls were merely partitions which could be placed and replaced wherever required as they played no part in supporting the building. The many opportunities afforded by this building method were demonstrated by Le Corbusier as early as in 1915.

In the 1920s and '30s Le Corbusier’s most significant work was in urban planning. He advanced ideas dramatically different from the comfortable, low-rise communities proposed by earlier city planners. He also built many villas and several small apartment complexes and office buildings. In these hard-edged smooth-surfaced geometric volumes he created a language of what he called pure prisms — rectangular blocks of concrete, steel and glass, often endowed with roof gardens 4. ________.

After World War II Le Corbusier moved away from purism. He showed the way to free architecture from 5. ________.

Le Corbusier was commissioned by the French government to plan and build his Vertical City in Marseilles. The result was a huge block of 340 villas raised above the ground, laced with two elevated thoroughfares of shops and other services and topped by a roof-garden community centre that contained, among other things, 6. ________.

His reputation led to a commission from the Indian government to plan the city of Chandigarh, the new capital of Punjab, and to design and build the Government Centre and several of the city’s other structures. These handcrafted buildings represented a second, more humanistic phase in Le Corbusier’s work.

His revolutionary design for the church of Notre Dame du Hart at Ronchamp in France, 7. ________, contrasts strongly with the earlier, impersonal approach. With its curved surfaces and an absence of straight lines and right angles, architecture becomes here almost a form of sculpture. Le Corbusier’s church at Ronchamp has been a great influence on the designers of other unconventional buildings in more recent years.

Today architecture seems to be suffering from a kind of tug-of-war. The need to economize pulls it towards the featureless, tower-block type of construction, where mass-production and mechanisation are possible. On the other hand, there is a desire to avoid regimentation. A more personal approach is favoured. Buildings which are the chosen creations of gifted architects, 8. ________, are naturally very costly to design and erect. They can usually only be considered for such special buildings as national theatres, art galleries and churches.

Решение.

Решение 2.

3. Прочитайте текст и дополните его фразами (a-i).

Ответ:

1. a) painter and writer (художник и писатель)

2. e) and is still a strong influence today (и по сей день оказывает сильное влияние)

3. c) it was often mainly glass (часто это было в основном стекло)

4. b) intended to compensate for the loss of usable floor area at ground level (предназначенные для компенсации потери полезной площади на уровне земли)

5. h) the monotonous repetitions of verticals and horisontals (монотонных повторений вертикалей и горизонталей)

6. d) a track for joggers (беговая дорожка)

7. i) which he planned in the 1950s (которую он спроектировал в 1950-х годах)

8. f) who are given freedom to express their ideas (которым дана свобода выражать свои идеи)