номер 2, страница 40 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс (spotlight) учебник Афанасьева, Дули

Science

Across the Curriculum 2

Exercise 2

Page 40

The Nervous System

The nervous system is the control center of the body. It consists of the brain, the spinal cord, which runs from the brain and down through the backbone, and a gigantic network of nerves.

The brain is like the central computer for the nervous system. It receives messages from different parts of the body and then tells the body how to react.

If you touch a hot pan by accident, for example, the nerves in your skin form a message of pain. The message gets passed on through the nerves in the spinal cord to the nerves in the brain. The brain takes this message, translates it, then sends a message back, telling the muscles to pull your hand away from the heat. This all happens in less than a second.

The brain is a very complex organ with many different parts. The biggest part is the cerebrum, responsible for intelligence, memory, personality, emotion, speech, and the ability to feel and move.

Next is the smaller cerebellum, controlling balance, movement, and coordination, and the brain stem.

This is responsible for taking in, sending out, and coordinating all of the brain's messages, just like a secretary. It also controls many automatic body functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion.

The thalamus carries messages from the sensory organs, like the eyes, ears, nose, and fingers, and the hypothalamus controls other automatic processes, such as body temperature and appetite.

Lastly, there is the tiny pituitary gland, which produces and releases hormones to control growth, metabolism, our response to stress, and many other things.

Nerve cells, or neurons, are like long thin threads with fingers, called dendrites, at each end. The dendrites of one neuron almost touch the dendrites of the next neuron.

When a neuron is stimulated, by heat, touch, or sound, for example, or by some other message, it actually generates a tiny electrical signal. This releases chemicals that enable the signal to be passed on from the dendrites of one neuron to the next until the message reaches the brain.

The brain alone contains around a hundred billion neurons.