Номер B, страница 108 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс учебник Комарова, Ларионова

Culture today ... - номер B, страница 108.

Условие.

B Now read the text. What fact about the history of printing do you find the most significant?

Printing can be traced back to Mesopotamian times in 3000 BC, in which presses were used to form symbols in clay tablets. Nowadays the most common form of printing is pressing ink on paper, a tradition that began at the start of the last millennium. The first mass produced book was the Gutenberg Bible, made by German printer Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s. Since then, the mass production of books has spread to every corner of the globe.

Not long after Gutenberg's accomplishment, printing spread to England. The first English printer, William Caxton, published the very first book in the English language, a translation of a work originally written in Flemish, in 1472. He produced the work while in Belgium using a colleague's press after having learned the art of printing during a stay in Germany. Shortly after, he returned to Britain to set up the first British printing press in Westminster in 1476.

Centuries later, printing in England benefited from rapid improvements that occurred during the Victorian Era. Presses moved from being made of wood and stone to employing the use of metal, which was more durable. A variety of colours began to appear in books, which allowed for more elaborate and attractive illustrations.

Russia's first printing press was established in 1553 by the Russian tsar Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible. Known as the Moscow Print Yard, the press first published books without dates, as was common at the time, but this changed once Ivan Fyodorov and Pyotr Timofeyev printed the first ever dated book, Apostolos, in 1564. The press suffered from fires in its early years but was always rebuilt and even expanded. By the early 1600s, the Moscow Print Yard had published a total of 30 books at 1,000 copies each. Although no longer in operation, its premises have been made an historical monument which houses the Russian State University for the Humanities.

Printing changed dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries. With development of colour printing in the 1830s, more and more books included mass produced colour illustrations. Critics of the process, however, opposed its use because of its lack of authenticity, as prior to the invention, colour illustrations in books were hand painted. Other improvements included rotary printing presses, which used a cylinder for printing and greatly sped up the printing process. These new methods also lowered the costs associated with printing, which resulted in reducing book prices, thus making them more available to the masses.

Modern forms of printing, such as ink-jet and laser printing, were developed in the 1950s and 1960s. These formed the basis of the first printers used in the home that accompanied personal computers, which eventually featured laser and digital printing methods.

The most recent development involves 3-D printing, a process that can create a three-dimensional object out of a block of wood, plastic or other solid material. Although vastly different from the conventional printing process, as neither ink nor paper is involved, 3-D printing allows users to create shapes they have designed on a computer. Objects such as jewellery, face models and even food can be created using this printing method.

Решение.

Решение 2.

Прочитайте текст. Какой факт об истории печати вы считаете наиболее значимым?

Ответ:

I find the invention of the movable type printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s to be the most significant fact about the history of printing. This led to the mass production of books, making knowledge much more accessible and spreading it across the globe.

Я считаю изобретение печатного станка с подвижными литерами Йоханнесом Гутенбергом в 1450-х годах наиболее значимым фактом в истории печати. Это привело к массовому производству книг, сделав знания гораздо более доступными и распространив их по всему миру.