номер 6, страница 23 - гдз по английскому языку 5-11 класс учебник Latham-Koenig, Oxenden

6 READING

a Read some extracts from an article about words which have changed their meaning. Which words do you think changed their meaning the most?

A blockbuster was originally a bomb

A blockbuster is literally a bomb large enough to destroy an entire block of buildings. The first blockbuster was dropped on the German city of Emden in March 1941. The wartime press was quick to pounce on the nickname 'blockbuster', and soon it was being used to describe anything that had an impressive or devastating effect. The military connotations gradually disappeared after the war, leaving us with the word we use today to describe bestselling films and books.

A girl originally referred to a girl or a boy

When the word 'girl' first appeared in the language, in the early 1300s, it was used to mean 'child', regardless of the gender of the child in question. That didn't begin to change until the early 15th century, when the word 'boy' – possibly borrowed from the French embuie, meaning a male servant – began to be used more generally for any young man. As a result, 'girl' was forced to change to mean a female child.

Alcohol originally meant eyeshadow

The ancient Egyptians made their distinctive jet-black eyeshadow out of the mineral stibnite, which was crushed and heated to produce a fine dust that could then be mixed with animal fat to make a cosmetic. The name of this was al-kohl, from an Arabic word meaning 'stain' or 'paint'. Alchemists and scientists of the European middle ages then picked up this term from their Arabic-origin textbooks, and began applying it to all kinds of other substances that could be produced in a similar way – which included wine and spirits, ultimately given the name 'alcohol'. This is now the most common meaning, though you can still buy kohl eyeliner pencils.

A cupboard used to mean a table

In the late 1300s, a cupboard was just a board on which to place your cups. Or put another way, a cupboard was originally a table. No one is entirely sure why, but in the early 16th century, that meaning suddenly disappeared from the language – a cupboard was no longer a tabletop on which to use one's crockery, but a piece of furniture in which to store it.

A treadmill was originally a prison punishment

The original treadmill was an enormous man-powered mill used for tasks such as crushing rocks and grinding grain. It was a wheel of steps encircling a cylinder attached to a millstone, on which prisoners could be employed for many hours a day; famously, the writer Oscar Wilde was made to work on the treadmill during his imprisonment in Pentonville Prison in 1895. Prison reform made the treadmill a thing of the past, but the term was resurrected in the 1950s, and was applied to a piece of gym equipment, a running machine comprised of a seemingly endless belt.

Adapted from The Guardian

b Read the extracts again. Which word...?

1 has a modern meaning which refers to the way something is made

2 has a modern meaning which refers to the same kind of activity

3 used to refer to two things, but changed to only one

4 changed its meaning as a result of its use by the media

5 changed its meaning for an unknown reason

c Language in context Look at the highlighted words in the extracts, which are all used metaphorically. What is their literal meaning?

d Communication Changing meanings A p.107 B p.112 Read about two more words that have changed their meaning, then tell your partner.

2B CHANGING MEANINGS Student A

a Read the notes about how the meaning of the word deer evolved, and try to remember the information.

A deer /dıǝ/ originally meant 'any large animal'

In Old English, 'deer' meant 'large wild animal', e.g. lion, bear, camel.

In the 13th century, the French word beste entered English and became the word 'beast'.

'Beast' also meant 'large wild animal'.

'Deer' changed meaning to describe a specific kind of animal.

By the 15th century, this was the only meaning of 'deer'.

Naughty /nɔ:ti/ originally meant 'having nothing'

The word first appeared in English in the 15th century and originally meant 'having nothing'.

It referred to someone who was very poor and had no possessions, or someone who had no morals or manners.

Today's meaning emerged in the 17th century, to describe a badly behaved child.

Subsequently, the other meaning fell out of use.

We still use the word 'nought', meaning 'nothing', in modern English, e.g. in numbers 0.1, 0.2, etc.

b Cover the notes and tell B as much as you can remember about the 'story' of deer.

c Listen to B telling you the 'story' of awful.

d Repeat for naughty and dismantle.

2B CHANGING MEANINGS Student B

a Read the notes about how the meaning of the word awful evolved, and try to remember the information.

b Listen to A telling you the 'story' of deer.

c Cover the notes and tell A as much as you can remember about the 'story' of awful.

d Repeat for naughty and dismantle.

Awful /ɔ:fl/ originally meant 'impressive and frightening'

In Old English, 'awful' was partly positive and partly negative.

It described something that was impressive but also frightening, e.g. 'awful mountains'.

By the 19th century, the positive meaning had disappeared.

The negative meaning changed to describe something that was very bad.

Now it is only used to describe something very bad.

To dismantle /dıs'mæntl/ originally meant 'to take off your cloak'

In the Middle Ages, a 'mantle' was a long cloak.

'Dismantle' meant 'to take off your cloak'.

It was used with this meaning in Shakespeare's play The Winter's Tale.

In the 16th century, its meaning became 'to destroy a castle' (i.e. to 'take off its walls).

'Dismantle' now means 'to take apart' a machine or a structure.

Прочитайте отрывки из статьи о словах, которые изменили свое значение. Какие слова, по вашему мнению, изменили свое значение больше всего?

Ответ:

I think 'blockbuster' and 'treadmill' changed the most. A blockbuster went from being a real bomb that destroys buildings to a very successful movie, which is a huge change! And a treadmill went from being a form of punishment for prisoners to a piece of equipment for getting fit at the gym.

Я думаю, что слова «блокбастер» (blockbuster) и «беговая дорожка» (treadmill) изменились больше всего. Блокбастер превратился из настоящей бомбы, разрушающей здания, в очень успешный фильм, что является огромным изменением! А беговая дорожка превратилась из формы наказания для заключенных в тренажер для поддержания формы в спортзале.

Прочитайте отрывки еще раз. Какое слово...?

Ответ:

1 ...has a modern meaning which refers to the way something is made: alcohol

(…имеет современное значение, которое относится к способу изготовления чего-либо: алкоголь)

2 ...has a modern meaning which refers to the same kind of activity: treadmill

(…имеет современное значение, которое относится к тому же виду деятельности: беговая дорожка)

3 ...used to refer to two things, but changed to only one: girl

(…использовалось для обозначения двух вещей, но изменилось, чтобы обозначать только одну: девочка)

4 ...changed its meaning as a result of its use by the media: blockbuster

(…изменило свое значение в результате его использования в СМИ: блокбастер)

5 ...changed its meaning for an unknown reason: cupboard

(…изменило свое значение по неизвестной причине: шкаф для посуды)

Язык в контексте. Посмотрите на выделенные в отрывках слова, которые все используются метафорически. Каково их буквальное значение?

Ответ:

Коммуникация. Изменение значений. А стр. 107 Б стр. 112 Прочитайте о еще двух словах, которые изменили свое значение, затем расскажите своему партнеру.

Ответ:

Для ответа на вопрос недостаточно данных.

2B ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ ЗНАЧЕНИЙ

Ответ:

a-d (Student A / Студент А) - These are instructions for a classroom speaking and listening activity, not questions to be answered in writing. Question 'c' requires listening to a partner, which is not possible.

(Это инструкции для устного и аудиального задания в классе, а не вопросы, на которые нужно отвечать письменно. Вопрос 'c' требует прослушивания партнера, что невозможно.)

a-d (Student B / Студент Б) - These are instructions for a classroom speaking and listening activity, not questions to be answered in writing. Question 'b' requires listening to a partner, which is not possible.

(Это инструкции для устного и аудиального задания в классе, а не вопросы, на которые нужно отвечать письменно. Вопрос 'b' требует прослушивания партнера, что невозможно.)