Номер 1, страница 147 - гдз по английскому языку 11 класс учебник Афанасьева, Михеева

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Human experience is marked by a refusal to accept our limitations. Man has tried to investigate the ground, the ocean and the sky. We have created planes, rockets and submarines and with their help made our lives more convenient and comfortable. Then the idea of producing powerful machines that can behave like humans came to life.

Science fiction authors began to write about cyborgs, machine-like humans, Androids, human-robot hybrids and other combinations beyond what we can imagine. The ancient Greeks were among the first to build machines that could more or less imitate the intelligence and natural movement of people. In the epoch of European Renaissance, the first Androids with life-like movements appeared.

For example, in fifteen forty, Gianello Toriano, an Italian inventor, constructed a mandolin-playing lady. In seventeen seventy-two, a Swiss watchmaker built a child that could write a passage with a pen. In fact, it was a mechanical computer that was fairly complex even by today's standards. Such inventions led scientists and philosophers to think that the human brain itself is just a complex mechanism. The word "robot" appeared almost a century ago.

Czech dramatist Karel Capek first used the term in nineteen twenty-one in his play. It comes from the Czech word robota, meaning obligatory work. In the play, he describes the invention of intelligent bio-mechanical machines intended as servants for the human creators. His robots brought together all the elements of machine intelligence but didn't have human charm and goodwill. Very significantly, Capek's robots introduced the idea of the robot as an imitation or substitute for a human being.

A century has passed. Robots can do a lot. But can they really become our substitutes? That's the question.