Номер 5, страница 29 - гдз по английскому языку 9 класс рабочая тетрадь Афанасьева, Михеева

Unit two. People and society - номер 5, страница 29.

Условие.

5. Read the text and answer the questions after it.

American Newspapers: How They Began

After the country had gained independence from Britain in 1776, the early founders of the United States moved to protect the press from government interference. Thomas Jefferson, for one, believed a free press was an essential guardian of liberty. “Were it left to me to decide whether we should have a government without newspapers or newspapers without a government, I should not hesitate a moment to prefer the latter,” he wrote. The First Amendment to the US Constitution, approved in 1791, guarantees freedom of the press.

George Washington

Thomas Jefferson

Benjamin Franklin

With that protection, many newspapers that supported political parties criticized their opponents severely. Fed up with it, the ruling Federalist Party soon passed an act, under which anyone who criticized the government in print could be fined or imprisoned. Several opposition publishers were convicted while the law was operating.

The US newspaper industry grew dramatically along with the new country. At the turn of the 19th century, fewer than 200 newspapers were published in the United States. By 1825 there were more than 800 — twice as many as in Great Britain — making America “by far the greatest newspaper country in the world”, according to the historian David Paul Nord.

John Adams

In 1833, the New York Sun became the first of a new type of newspaper — inexpensive, sold on the street by newsboys, and written by paid reporters. The Sun’s motto was “It Shines for ALL”. Known as the “penny press” because each issue cost just one cent, the Sun and its imitators were wildly popular. Within two years, three “penny papers” in New York were selling twice as many copies as 11 other city papers combined.

The penny press included not only politics and international developments but sports, crime, and society doings as well. As the Sun’s editor, Charles Dana, put it in 1882: “When a dog bites a man, that is not news. But when a man bites a dog, that is news.”

The penny papers also signalled a tension between public service and profit. Publishers could sell newspapers cheaply because most of their income came from advertising. To attract advertisers and make money, the papers had to appeal to the widest possible audience, which meant giving people what they needed. Newspapers became a business, but they remained a bulwark of democracy.

Questions:

1. How did the Founding Fathers¹ see the press in the US? What law did they pass to put this idea into life?

2. Was the act passed by the Federalist Party democratic by its nature?

3. When did the newspaper boom take place in the country and why?

4. What was the reason holding back the development of the newspaper industry before 1833?

5. In what way did the Sun become a newspaper of a new kind?

6. What was the origin of the nickname “penny papers”?

7. What information did penny papers add to the traditional newspaper information?

8. What is meant by “a tension between public service and profit”?

Решение.

Решение 2.

Как Отцы-основатели видели прессу в США? Какой закон они приняли, чтобы воплотить эту идею в жизнь? 2. Был ли закон, принятый Федералистской партией, демократичным по своей природе? 3. Когда в стране произошел газетный бум и почему? 4. Что сдерживало развитие газетной индустрии до 1833 года? 5. Каким образом газета «Sun» стала газетой нового типа? 6. Каково происхождение прозвища «пенни-газеты»? 7. Какую информацию «пенни-газеты» добавили к традиционной газетной информации? 8. Что имеется в виду под «напряжением между общественной пользой и прибылью»?

Ответ:

1. The Founding Fathers saw the press as an essential guardian of liberty and sought to protect it from government interference. To put this idea into life, they passed the First Amendment to the US Constitution. (Отцы-основатели видели в прессе важнейшего стража свободы и стремились защитить ее от вмешательства правительства. Чтобы воплотить эту идею в жизнь, они приняли Первую поправку к Конституции США.)

2. No, the act passed by the Federalist Party was not democratic. It allowed for anyone who criticized the government in print to be fined or imprisoned. (Нет, закон, принятый Федералистской партией, не был демократичным. Он позволял штрафовать или заключать в тюрьму любого, кто критиковал правительство в печати.)

3. The newspaper boom took place between the turn of the 19th century and 1825. The US newspaper industry grew dramatically along with the new country, and by 1825 there were more than 800 newspapers published. (Газетный бум произошел на рубеже 19-го века и до 1825 года. Газетная индустрия США стремительно росла вместе с молодой страной, и к 1825 году издавалось более 800 газет.)

4. Для ответа на вопрос недостаточно данных.

5. The Sun became a new kind of newspaper because it was inexpensive, sold on the street by newsboys, and written by paid reporters. (Газета «Sun» стала газетой нового типа, потому что она была недорогой, продавалась на улицах разносчиками газет и писалась наемными репортерами.)

6. The origin of the nickname "penny papers" was that each issue cost just one cent (a penny). (Происхождение прозвища «пенни-газеты» связано с тем, что каждый выпуск стоил всего один цент (пенни).)

7. Penny papers added information about sports, crime, and society doings to the traditional newspaper information. («Пенни-газеты» добавили к традиционной газетной информации сведения о спорте, преступности и светской жизни.)

8. "A tension between public service and profit" means the conflict between the duty of a newspaper to serve the public with important information and the need to make money by attracting a wide audience with stories they want to read, often through advertising. («Напряжение между общественной пользой и прибылью» означает конфликт между долгом газеты служить обществу, предоставляя важную информацию, и необходимостью зарабатывать деньги, привлекая широкую аудиторию с помощью историй, которые они хотят читать, часто за счет рекламы.)