Номер 1, страница 42 - гдз по английскому языку 9 класс (starlight) учебник Баранова, Дули

Study skills

Matching headings to paragraphs

All the texts are connected by a common theme and are all written in the same style, but each one is independent of the others. Read each heading and find the key words/phrases. Read the texts quickly and try to find words/phrases which paraphrase or are related to the words in the headings. Then try to match the headings to the texts. Remember, though, that the extra heading will be referred to in some way somewhere in the texts to catch you out.

Preparing for the task

1 Read the first text. Look closely at the underlined words. Which of the sentences below best summarises the paragraph?

a This paragraph describes the structure of volcanoes.

b This paragraph tells us how predictable eruptions are.

c This paragraph compares earthquakes and volcanoes.

A It is not possible to predict exactly when a volcano will erupt. However, unlike with earthquakes, there are often indications. This is because volcanoes are, by their very nature, weak spots in the Earth's crust, pressure points through which the huge heat and pressures of the magma layer can be released. An eruption is often, though not always, preceded by the release of smoke, steam or even lava.

B Of course, volcanoes are a natural phenomenon that are not only found on Earth. Venus has more active volcanoes than any other planet in the Solar System, while on the moons of Jupiter, Saturn and Neptune can be found the apparent paradox of the ice volcano. Meanwhile, Mars is home to the largest volcano in the Solar System. Called the Tharsis Bulge, it is the size of a continent on Earth, but is fortunately dormant.

C A volcanologist is a kind of geologist who has specialised in the study of volcanoes. A major part of this job is the prediction of eruptions (although this still cannot be done with anything close to 100% accuracy). Taking readings from active volcanoes in order to see if they are close to erupting is essential, making this way of making a living far from safe.

D It has been estimated that 500 million people live near active volcanoes. This behaviour might seem foolish but for two factors. First, thousands of years often pass between one eruption of a volcano and the next. Also, because of the ash that falls from the sky after an eruption, the soil around a volcano is very rich, making it ideal farmland once the event is over. Still, such people always live in fear of the next blast.

E It is believed by some scientists that the eruption of a supervolcano was the event that really finished off the dinosaurs – rather than the meteor strike that is usually blamed. The Minoan Civilisation on Crete was most likely destroyed by the same eruption that made the Greek island of Santorini disappear almost completely into the Aegean Sea. And everyone has heard of Pompeii, buried in moments by tonnes of ash from Mount Vesuvius.

F Under the calm and beautiful surface of Yellowstone National Park lies something known as a supervolcano. The Yellowstone Caldera covers thousands of square kilometres and has erupted three times in the past 2.1 million years. When a supervolcano erupts, however, it does not just affect the country that surrounds it, but the entire continent – or even the planet. That's why volcanologists in the USA and worldwide are keeping a close eye on Yellowstone.

G Because of the sudden and devastating effects of volcanic eruptions, it is not surprising that they were put down to the actions of the gods in olden times. Either a god or goddess was furious at something done to him or her, or there was an actual 'volcano god', who was generally a very irritable character. In Hawaii, for example, where volcanoes are very common, there is a goddess of volcanoes called 'Pele'.

Speaking

Study skills

Speaking at length

Take your time and cover each point in depth. It will require 12-15 sentences to fill two minutes, so you should aim for an introductory sentence, four sentences on each point and a concluding sentence. Possible topics you might have to talk about are: communication within the family and at school; relations with friends and peers; free time and hobbies of young people; English-speaking countries; your native country; famous people and their contribution to science/world culture; nature and environmental problems; keeping fit; problems with choosing a career; and the role of a foreign language in life.

Reading

Study skills

Matching headings to paragraphs

All the texts are connected by a common theme and are all written in the same style, but each one is independent of the others. Read each heading and find the key words/phrases. Read the texts quickly and try to find the words/phrases which paraphrase or are related to the words in the headings. Then try to match the headings to the texts. Remember, though, that the extra heading will be referred to in some way somewhere in the texts to catch you out.

Preparing for the task

1 Read the first text. Look closely at the underlined words. Which of the sentences below best summarises the paragraph?

a This paragraph describes the structure of volcanoes.

b This paragraph tells us how predictable eruptions are.

c This paragraph compares earthquakes and volcanoes.