Номер 1, страница 71 - гдз по английскому языку 9 класс (spotlight) рабочая тетрадь Ваулина, Дули

1 Read the text once quickly and answer the question below.

What is this text generally about?

A The dangers of martial arts

B Places to learn martial arts

C Advice on when and how to use martial arts

The Art of Self-Defence

Martial arts are studied for a number of reasons. People take up martial arts classes for spiritual reasons, as a form of exercise or maybe because they want to fight in martial arts competitions. Mostly, however, 1 . But how do martial arts help you improve your self-defence?

Firstly, it must be noted that you should use martial arts techniques only when it is necessary. For example, if a mugger snatches your bag, don't put up a fight. Indeed, many people say that the best martial arts experts 2 . The most important self-defence skills are being aware of your surroundings, as well as the ability to run away from a threatening situation. Having that said, even the most careful person can be physically attacked, 3 .

Obviously the best martial arts techniques to learn are defensive rather than attacking techniques. You should concentrate on defending yourself and giving yourself enough time to run away 4 . You should also note that you usually have a very short period of time 5 . Therefore you should try to learn hand-to-hand combat techniques rather than kicking techniques (like the ones used in Taekwondo or Savate). The hands are far quicker than the legs and attackers usually grasp the upper body. It is also best to try to learn techniques that do not need a lot of strength.

Most martial arts include defensive techniques but, 6 , the best martial arts to take up are the Korean martial art Hapkido and the Japanese martial art Aikido. Both these martial arts concentrate on defensive hand-to-hand techniques that twist your opponent's joints. Whatever martial art you decide on, keep working on it continually. Attacks can happen swiftly, so you need to have 'muscle memory' to instantly trigger your techniques into action. But always remember: your common sense and intuition to avoid risks are your most important skills of all.

1 Read the texts and match each text (A–G) with its heading (1–8). You can only use each heading once. There is one extra heading.

1 Not the same

2 Ancient origins

3 Not just about size

4 A double advantage

5 Copying nature

6 Widespread appeal

7 An Olympic sport

8 Avoiding the head

The Art of Self-Defence

A Tai Chi is a Chinese martial art that is practised both as a form of self-defence and for its health benefits. The Chinese believe that people who practise Tai Chi can delay the ageing process and even live longer. In the West today, it is an alternative form of therapy with no martial arts aspect. In particular, it helps people gain a sense of balance thanks to the slow movements involved.

B Taekwondo originates in Korea. It is the world's most popular martial art today, with a presence in over 200 countries. Nine million people have obtained the final certificate and are fully qualified practitioners. Taekwondo's special feature is the high kick. This is based on the belief that the leg is our strongest limb and can reach the furthest, meaning we can keep our attacker at a distance!

C No mention of martial arts would be complete without Kung Fu. Made famous in the West by the Bruce Lee films of the 1970s, Kung Fu consists of a number of different fighting styles that were developed in China over the centuries. These often involve imitating animal movements. The classic Five styles from the south are the Tiger, the Crane, the Leopard, the Snake and the Dragon. However, many more creatures are included in other schools.

D While the Japanese art of Karate includes punching, kicking and knee and elbow strikes, its most famous movement is the 'Karate chop'. This uses an open flat palm to strike one's opponent in a knife-like movement. Such hits, however, are usually directed to the lower part of the body rather than to the face. The aim is to prevent your opponent attacking rather go on the attack yourself.

E Japan is the birthplace of the competition-based martial art, Judo. It's a relative newcomer, as martial arts go, starting there in 1882. The goal is to throw your opponent down to the ground. Judo is an effective form of self-defence, relying on close combat and lifting your opponent. With the right technique, a smaller person can overcome a much larger person. You do not strike your opponent in the competition – only in formal practice beforehand.

F Hapkido is an interesting martial art that comes from Korea. It has the usual kicks and punches in common with many other forms of martial arts. Where it differs is that it also uses swords, ropes and sticks to combat the opponent. Some people compare Hapkido to the Japanese art of Aikido, but they are quite different. While both require high levels of control, Hapkido employs more kicking techniques and is generally the more aggressive of the two.

G MMA is short for Mixed Martial Arts. As the name suggests, this sport contains a variety of fighting styles. It comes down to us more or less directly from classical Greece and, later on, from Rome. In those days, the sport was developed in peacetime to keep soldiers fit and trained. All kinds of grappling and striking techniques were allowed, as they are today. In fact, the Greek name for it was ‘Pankration’, meaning ‘all powers’.

1. Прочитайте тексты и сопоставьте каждый текст (A–G) с его заголовком (1–8). Каждый заголовок можно использовать только один раз. Один заголовок лишний.

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