номер 4, страница 47 - гдз по английскому языку 5-11 класс учебник Latham-Koenig, Oxenden

4 GRAMMAR distancing

a Read three sentences about mindfulness and focus on the highlighted phrases. What effect would it have on the meaning if they were left out?

1 Jon Kabat-Zinn is considered to be the 'father' of mindfulness.

2 He claims to help people cope with stress.

3 It appears that mindfulness helps to reduce anxiety.

b G p.150 Grammar Bank 5A

5A

distancing

seem / appear

1 It seems / appears that when older people stay busy, they are in fact much healthier.

The new Head of Department seems / appears to be quite friendly.

Excuse me. There seems / appears to be a mistake with the bill.

2 It would seem / appear that Mr Young had been using the company's assets to pay off his private debts.

1 We often use seem and appear to give information without stating that we definitely know it is true, in this way distancing ourselves from the information.

We can use It seems / appears + that + clause, or subject + seem / appear + infinitive.

2 We use It would seem / appear + that + clause to distance ourselves even further from the information, making it sound even less sure. This is more formal than It seems / appears...

the passive with verbs of saying and reporting

1 It is said that using a washing machine saves people on average 47 minutes a day.

It has been announced by a spokesperson that the President has been taken to hospital.

2 The company director is expected to resign in the next few days.

The missing couple are understood to have been living in Panama for the last five years.

3 There are thought to be over a thousand species in danger of extinction.

• Another way of distancing ourselves from the facts, especially in formal written English, is to use the passive form of verbs like say, think, etc. to introduce them. We can use:

• 1 It + passive verb + that + clause.

• Verbs commonly used in this pattern are: agree, announce, believe, claim, expect, hope, say, suggest, and think.

• 2 subject + passive verb + to + infinitive.

• Verbs commonly used in this pattern are: believe, consider, expect, report, say, think, and understand.

• 3 There can also be used + passive verb + to + infinitive. Compare:

• It is said that there are more than five million people living in poverty in this country.

• There are said to be more than five million people living in poverty in this country.

other distancing expressions: apparently, according to, may / might, claim

1 Apparently, Jeff and Katie have separated.

2 According to new research, the idea that we have to drink two litres of water a day is a myth.

3 Dinosaurs may have died out due to extremely rapid climate change.

There are rumours that the band, who broke up ten years ago, might be planning to reform and record a new album.

4 The health minister claims to have reduced waiting times.

1 We use apparently (usually either at the beginning or the end of a phrase) to mean that we have heard / read something, but that it may not be true. This is very common in informal conversation.

2 We use according to to specify where information has come from.

We use it to attribute opinions to somebody else. NOT According to me...

3 Using may / might also suggests that something is a possibility, but not necessarily true.

4 We can say that somebody claims something when there is some doubt about whether it is true.

c You're a journalist. You've been asked to write three breaking news stories for a website. However, the facts haven't been confirmed yet. Write two or three sentences for each headline, using the prompts and appropriate distancing expressions.

Politician's wife seeks divorce

Which politician? After how many years of marriage?

What do people say is the reason?

Footballer linked to match-fixing scandal

Which footballer? What did he do? What is his club planning to do about it?

Sugar: the new health benefits

What are the benefits? How much sugar do you need to eat? When / In what form should you eat it?

GRAMMAR BANK

a Complete the sentences with one word to distance the speaker from the information. Sometimes more than one answer is possible.

Apparently, people who multitask often have concentration problems.

1 It _______ that the less children sleep, the more likely they are to behave badly.

2 It _______ appear that someone has been stealing personal items from the changing rooms.

3 Matt _______ to have aged a lot over the last year.

4 He may not look it, but he is _______ to be one of the wealthiest people in the country.

5 _______ to some sources, the latest research is seriously flawed.

6 Despite the fact that there will be an autopsy, his death is _______ to have been from natural causes.

7 _______ are thought to be several reasons why the experiment failed.

8 The troubled celebrity is believed _______ have had financial difficulties.

9 It is understood _______ the minister will be resigning in the near future.

b Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first.

People say that mindfulness helps people to deal with stressful work environments.

It is said that mindfulness helps people to deal with stressful work environments.

1 Apparently, people who work night shifts die younger.

It would _______ die younger.

2 It is possible that the prisoners escaped to France.

The prisoners may _______ to France.

3 We expect that the Prime Minister will make a statement this afternoon.

The Prime Minister is _______ this afternoon.

4 The company has announced that the new drug will go on sale shortly.

It _______ will go on sale shortly.

5 People believe that stress is responsible for many common skin complaints.

Stress _______ for many common skin complaints.

6 The instructions say that the battery lasts for at least 12 hours.

According _______ for at least 12 hours.

7 It appears that the government is intending to lower the top rate of income tax.

The government _______ the top rate of income tax.

8 People have suggested that birth order has a strong influence on children's personalities.

It _______ a strong influence on children's personalities.

9 It seems that there are more cyclists on the road than there used to be.

There _______ than there used to be.

Прочитайте три предложения об осознанности и обратите внимание на выделенные фразы. Как бы изменился смысл, если бы их убрали?

Ответ:

If the highlighted phrases were left out, the sentences would change from being opinions, claims, or appearances to being stated as facts. The phrases serve to distance the speaker from the information, indicating that it is not their own definite knowledge but rather a general belief, someone else's statement, or an observation.

Если бы выделенные фразы были убраны, предложения превратились бы из мнений, утверждений или предположений в констатацию фактов. Эти фразы служат для того, чтобы дистанцировать говорящего от информации, указывая на то, что это не его собственное точное знание, а скорее общее убеждение, чье-то заявление или наблюдение.

a. Дополните предложения одним словом, чтобы дистанцировать говорящего от информации. Иногда возможен не один вариант ответа.

Ответ:

1 It seems / appears that the less children sleep, the more likely they are to behave badly.

2 It would appear that someone has been stealing personal items from the changing rooms.

3 Matt seems / appears to have aged a lot over the last year.

4 He may not look it, but he is said / thought / believed to be one of the wealthiest people in the country.

5 According to some sources, the latest research is seriously flawed.

6 Despite the fact that there will be an autopsy, his death is thought / believed to have been from natural causes.

7 There are thought to be several reasons why the experiment failed.

8 The troubled celebrity is believed to have had financial difficulties.

9 It is understood that the minister will be resigning in the near future.

b. Дополните второе предложение так, чтобы оно имело то же значение, что и первое.

Ответ:

1 It would seem that people who work night shifts die younger.

2 The prisoners may have escaped to France.

3 The Prime Minister is expected to make a statement this afternoon.

4 It has been announced that the new drug will go on sale shortly.

5 Stress is believed to be responsible for many common skin complaints.

6 According to the instructions, the battery lasts for at least 12 hours.

7 The government appears to be intending to lower the top rate of income tax.

8 It has been suggested that birth order has a strong influence on children's personalities.

9 There seem to be more cyclists on the road than there used to be.

c. Вы журналист. Вас попросили написать три срочные новости для веб-сайта. Однако факты еще не подтверждены. Напишите два-три предложения для каждого заголовка, используя подсказки и соответствующие выражения дистанцирования.

Ответ:

Politician's wife seeks divorce

The wife of the Minister for Trade is understood to be seeking a divorce after fifteen years of marriage. It is said that irreconcilable differences are the reason for the split. Apparently, this has come as a surprise to their close friends.

Жена политика подает на развод

Как стало известно, жена министра торговли подает на развод после пятнадцати лет брака. Говорят, что причиной разрыва стали непримиримые разногласия. По-видимому, для их близких друзей это стало неожиданностью.

Footballer linked to match-fixing scandal

Leo Vargas, the captain of United, is thought to be involved in a recent match-fixing scandal. He is alleged to have deliberately missed a crucial penalty kick. It seems that the club might suspend him pending a full investigation.

Футболист связан со скандалом о договорных матчах

Предполагается, что Лео Варгас, капитан «Юнайтед», причастен к недавнему скандалу о договорных матчах. Утверждается, что он намеренно не забил решающий пенальти. Похоже, что клуб может отстранить его до окончания полного расследования.

Sugar: the new health benefits

According to a recent controversial study, some forms of sugar may have new health benefits. It is claimed that two teaspoons of raw cane sugar in the morning can boost memory. The research suggests this could be particularly effective when consumed with warm water.

Сахар: новая польза для здоровья

Согласно недавнему спорному исследованию, некоторые виды сахара могут иметь новую пользу для здоровья. Утверждается, что две чайные ложки тростникового сахара-сырца по утрам могут улучшить память. Исследование предполагает, что это может быть особенно эффективно при употреблении с теплой водой.