номер 8, страница 83 - гдз по английскому языку 5-11 класс учебник Latham-Koenig, Oxenden

8 WRITING

p.126 Writing A discursive essay (2): Taking sides Analyse a model essay about tourism, and write a discursive essay.

Writing A discursive essay (2): Taking sides

KEY SUCCESS FACTORS

• constructing an argument

• sustaining your case with examples

• showing that you have considered the opposing viewpoint

ANALYSING A MODEL TEXT

a You have been asked to write the following essay:

Tourism always does a place more harm than good.

Discuss the topic with a partner.

Do you think that the effect of tourism on a country, city, or region is in general more positive or more negative? Why?

Topic sentences

In a well-written essay, the first sentence of a paragraph usually establishes what the paragraph is going to be about. This is sometimes called the topic sentence.

b In pairs, read each topic sentence and imagine how the paragraph will continue. Do you think the essay will be for or against tourism?

1. The infrastructure of an area is also often improved as a result of tourism.

2. It is often claimed that popular tourist destinations are spoiled as a result of overdevelopment.

3. Tourism is one of the world's great growth industries.

4. Another point in favour of tourism is that governments are becoming aware of the need to protect tourist areas in order to attract visitors.

5. The main positive effect of tourism is on local economies and employment.

c Now read the essay and match topic sentences A–E to paragraphs 1–5.

Tourism always does a place more harm than good

1. People today are travelling further and further, not only in the summer, but throughout the year. Although some people argue that mass tourism has a negative effect on destinations, in my view, its influences are generally positive.

2. Tourists need places to stay and things to do, and this creates a wide range of jobs for local people. Holidaymakers also spend a great deal of money, which stimulates the economy of the region as well as benefiting the country as a whole.

3. For example, when tourists start visiting an area, roads and public transport tend to improve, or an airport may be built, all of which benefit local people as well as tourists.

4. This is leading to better conservation not only of areas of natural beauty and endangered habitats in rural areas, but also of historic buildings and monuments in towns and cities.

5. For instance, many people argue that tourist development results in ugly hotels and soulless apartment blocks. This may have been true in the past, but nowadays developers recognize that new buildings should blend in with old ones and should not change the character of a place.

6. To sum up, I believe that, on the whole, tourism has a positive influence provided its development is properly planned and controlled. Tourist destinations have a lot to gain from visitors and the business they bring. In my opinion, it is possible for both tourists and local people to benefit and for popular tourist destinations to have a sustainable future.

d Read each paragraph again, with its topic sentence. Answer the questions with a partner.

1. Where does the writer state their overall opinion about tourism?

2. How many arguments are given to support their view?

3. What is the purpose of paragraph 5?

USEFUL LANGUAGE

Using synonyms and richer vocabulary

When you are writing an essay, remember to vary and enrich your vocabulary by using synonyms where appropriate.

e Find synonyms in the essay for the following words and phrases.

1. tourists

2. effects

3. for example

4. in general

f Complete the missing words. Some (but not all) are in the model essay.

Giving personal opinions

1. I b__________ that...

2. I f__________ that...

3. In my v__________

4. In my o__________ , I think that...

5. P__________ the influences of tourism are generally positive.

Introducing opposite arguments

6. Some / Many people ar__________ / __________ that popular destinations are spoiled by tourism.

7. It is often cl__________ that popular destinations are spoiled by tourism.

8. There are th__________ / people who say...

Refuting them

9. This m__________ h__________ been true in the past,

10. but n__________

11. There are a number of fl__________ in this argument.

12. That is simply not the c__________

PLANNING WHAT TO WRITE

a Read the essay titles. For each one, decide which side of the argument you’re going to take, and think of three or four reasons with examples.

Our lifestyles are less healthy than our grandparents'.

The impact of social media on our lives is mostly negative.

b Compare with a partner. Decide which you think are the three most important reasons for each essay. Decide on typical opposing arguments which you could refute.

c Choose which of the essays you’re going to write. Decide on the main paragraphs and write topic sentences for each one. Show your topic sentences to a partner and see if you can improve each other’s sentences.

TIPS for writing a discursive essay where you take one side of an argument:

• Organize your essay into paragraphs, with a clear introduction and conclusion (see p.124).

• Begin each paragraph with a clear topic sentence and then develop the idea.

• Use synonyms to avoid repeating yourself.

• Use a variety of phrases for giving your opinion and introducing an opposing argument and refuting it.

WRITING

Write an essay of between 220 and 260 words on one of the topics above.

DRAFT your essay.

• Introduction: Introduce the topic and state your opinion.

• Main argument: Write two or three paragraphs giving your reasons and examples.

• Opposing arguments: Write a paragraph stating one or more common opposing argument(s) and refuting each one.

• Conclusion: Sum up, stating what your arguments have shown.

EDIT the essay, making sure you’ve covered the main points, cutting any irrelevant information, and making sure it’s the right length.

CHECK the essay for mistakes in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and register.

p.83

a. Вас попросили написать следующее эссе: «Туризм всегда приносит месту больше вреда, чем пользы». Обсудите тему с партнером. Как вы думаете, влияние туризма на страну, город или регион в целом скорее положительное или отрицательное? Почему?

Ответ:

I think the effect of tourism is generally more positive. It brings money to local people and businesses. Also, when tourists come, cities often improve roads and parks to look nice, which is good for everyone who lives there too. Sometimes popular places can get too crowded, but I think the good things are more important. / Я думаю, что влияние туризма в целом скорее положительное. Он приносит деньги местным жителям и бизнесу. Кроме того, когда приезжают туристы, города часто улучшают дороги и парки, чтобы выглядеть красиво, что хорошо и для всех, кто там живет. Иногда популярные места могут быть слишком переполнены, но я считаю, что хорошие стороны важнее.

b. В парах прочитайте каждое тематическое предложение и представьте, как будет продолжаться абзац. Как вы думаете, эссе будет за или против туризма?

Ответ:

The essay will be for tourism. / Эссе будет за туризм.

c. Теперь прочитайте эссе и сопоставьте тематические предложения A–E с абзацами 1–5.

Ответ:

1 – E

2 – A

3 – D

4 – B

d. Прочитайте каждый абзац еще раз с его тематическим предложением. Ответьте на вопросы с партнером.

Ответ:

1. Where does the writer state their overall opinion about tourism? – The writer states their overall opinion in the first paragraph (the introduction) and repeats it in the last paragraph (the conclusion). / Где автор излагает свое общее мнение о туризме? – Автор излагает свое общее мнение в первом абзаце (введении) и повторяет его в последнем абзаце (заключении).

2. How many arguments are given to support their view? – Three arguments are given. / Сколько аргументов приведено в поддержку их точки зрения? – Приведено три аргумента.

3. What is the purpose of paragraph 5? – Its purpose is to introduce an opposing argument and then refute it. / Какова цель пятого абзаца? – Его цель – представить противоположный аргумент, а затем опровергнуть его.

e. Найдите в эссе синонимы к следующим словам и фразам.

Ответ:

1. tourists: holidaymakers, visitors / туристы: отдыхающие, посетители

2. effects: influences / эффекты: влияния

3. for example: for instance / например: к примеру

4. in general: on the whole / в общем: в целом

f. Вставьте пропущенные слова. Некоторые (но не все) из них есть в образце эссе.

Ответ:

Giving personal opinions / Выражение личного мнения

1. I believe that... / Я полагаю, что...

2. I feel that... / Я чувствую, что...

3. In my view,... / На мой взгляд,...

4. In my opinion,... / По моему мнению,...

5. Personally, I think that... / Лично я думаю, что...

Introducing opposite arguments / Введение противоположных аргументов

6. Some / Many people argue... / Некоторые / Многие люди утверждают...

7. It is often claimed that... / Часто утверждается, что...

8. There are those / people who say... / Есть те / люди, которые говорят...

Refuting them / Их опровержение

9. This may have been true in the past, but nowadays... / Это, возможно, было правдой в прошлом, но в наши дни...

10. There are a number of flaws in this argument. / В этом аргументе есть ряд недостатков.

11. That is simply not the case. / Это просто не тот случай (Это не так).