Номер 9, страница 71 - гдз по английскому языку 9 класс учебник Афанасьева, Михеева

Reading. Unit 2. People and society - номер 9, страница 71.

Условие.

AN IDEAL SOCIETY

Sir Thomas More was born in London in 1478. He studied law, but took a keen interest in many subjects, including the study of Greek. He wrote Utopia at the beginning of the 16th century, during the early years of the great Renaissance movement, when men were bringing forward new ideas and challenging the old beliefs all over Western Europe. Utopia was published in Latin in 1516 and later translated into English. Sir Thomas More was a powerful adviser to King Henry VIII, but he opposed the king’s divorce and refused to accept him as the head of the church in England. For this the king put him in prison and ordered his head to be cut off. The Roman Catholic Church later made him a saint.

During his thousands of years on earth, man has constantly dreamt of a better society — a society which will banish the evils and hardships which he is having to endure. Philosophers and poets have described their ideal societies in religious and scientific treatises and in works of fiction; and few of them are more famous than Sir Thomas More’s Utopia. The word utopia, which Thomas More made up from two Greek words meaning “nowhere land”, has come into everyday language to mean “the ideal society”.

In his book Thomas More described a conversation between himself and a fictitious sailor named Hythlodaye [‘hɪθlɒdeɪ]. The sailor tells of his visit to a mythical island called Utopia, where the people had learned to create a society without hunger, tyranny and the exploitation of their fellow men. Hythlodaye compares all the things which he had seen in Utopia with conditions in England at that time; and the contrast clearly shows many evils which men had hitherto ignored.

First, the community which inhabited the island of Utopia was not divided into separate social classes. All the people enjoyed equal rank and rights. There was no private property because the Utopians believed that private property led to envy, hate, selfish ambition and strife. Everybody wore the same type of clothing, and no one was allowed to wear jewellery or any form of finery that would proclaim the superiority of one person over another.

There were no leisured or idle classes. Everyone had to work, though not excessively, for seven hours a day was considered sufficient. Nobody was allowed to force his opinions or religious beliefs on anyone else, except by fair argument and discussion. Anyone who tried to change people’s views by compulsion was banished from the island. People were free to marry the partners of their choice and could not be persuaded by parents or relatives into marriages they did not desire. They were also free to end their own marriage if they found it was not successful. If anyone was suffering from a painful incurable illness, he could demand to be put to death.

In Utopia, the cleverest young people were excused from work which involved physical or unskilled labour. Instead, they were trained to be the wise men or philosophers of the community. But they were still treated as only ordinary members of the privileged superior class. Members of the government, even the king himself were chosen from the philosophers; but the king could be removed from the throne if he showed any tendency to turn into a tyrant [‘taɪərənt]. The king was one with his people, ships traded freely with other lands, modest pleasures were enjoyed by everyone, all religions were honoured and the people shared their belongings.

Thomas More’s Utopia was a remarkable work of philosophy in itself, but it also provided many of the theories and ideas which were to be hotly debated and even fought for in the following centuries, right up to modern times.

9. SFA a) Read the text about Sir Thomas More’s famous book Utopia, then do the tasks after the text choosing the items you consider the best to complete the sentences.

1. Poets and ... have always created ideal societies in religious and scientific works.

a) rulers b) politicians c) artists d) thinkers

2. The word “utopia” means a society ....

a) equal in every way b) perfect in every way

c) of great possibilities d) everybody’s dream

3. Thomas More’s Utopia is written in a form of ....

a) letters b) a diary c) a dialogue d) a monologue

4. The people in Utopia were ....

a) well-read b) well-fed c) well-bred d) well-trained

5. Hythlodaye’s comparison between Utopia and England showed ....

a) Utopia’s advantage over England

b) that England’s living conditions were not ideal

c) many problems people in England hadn’t noticed

d) characteristic features of English life

6. Utopia’s community was a community with ....

a) class discrimination b) rank distinction

c) no indication to supremacy d) equal private property

7. People in Utopia were free to ....

a) refuse to work b) do what they wanted to

c) impose their own views on others

d) live according to the rules of their country

8. Thomas More’s ideas expressed in Utopia ....

a) were accepted by all contemporaries and future generations

b) aroused a lot of discussion c) led to various wars

d) served as a basis for modern societies

b) Read the text again and single out 4–5 facts that you consider the most important. Compare your choices.

Решение.

Решение 2.

а) Прочитайте текст о сэре Томасе Море, а затем выполните задания после текста, выбрав пункты, которые вы считаете лучшими для завершения предложений.

б) Прочитайте текст еще раз и выделите 4–5 фактов, которые вы считаете наиболее важными. Сравните ваш выбор.

Ответ:

a)

1. d) thinkers / мыслители

2. b) perfect in every way / совершенное во всех отношениях

3. c) a dialogue / диалог

4. b) well-fed / сытые

5. b) that England's living conditions were not ideal / что условия жизни в Англии не были идеальными

6. c) no indication to supremacy / без признаков превосходства

7. b) do what they wanted to / делать то, что они хотели

8. b) aroused a lot of discussion / вызвали много обсуждений

b)

Here are the 4 most important facts about Utopia from the text:

Вот 4 самых важных факта об Утопии из текста:

1. There was no private property and the community was not divided into social classes. All people had equal rights. / Не было частной собственности, и общество не делилось на социальные классы. Все люди имели равные права.

2. Everyone had to work, but not too much, only seven hours a day. / Все должны были работать, но не слишком много, всего семь часов в день.

3. People were free to choose who to marry and to hold their own religious beliefs. / Люди были свободны в выборе супруга и в своих религиозных убеждениях.

4. The government was chosen from the wisest people (philosophers), and even the king could be removed if he became a tyrant. / Правительство выбиралось из самых мудрых людей (философов), и даже короля могли сместить, если он становился тираном.

I think these facts are the most important because they show how different Utopia was from the real world. A society with no private property, with total equality, and where rulers could be fired seems like a very radical idea. It's the core of what makes Utopia a "utopia".

Я думаю, что эти факты самые важные, потому что они показывают, насколько Утопия отличалась от реального мира. Общество без частной собственности, с полным равенством, и где правителей можно было уволить, кажется очень радикальной идеей. Это суть того, что делает Утопию "утопией".