The Passive, страница 176 - гдз по английскому языку 10 класс (starlight) учебник Баранова, Дули

Grammar Practice Section. Module 4 - страница 176.

Условие.

The Passive

We form the passive with the verb to be in the appropriate tense and the past participle of the main verb. Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be used in the passive: (e.g. live does not have a passive form.)

We use the passive:

• when the person or people who do the action are unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context. Jane's handbag was stolen. (We don't know who stole it.) The house is being painted. (It's unimportant who is doing it.) The criminal has been arrested. (It's obvious that the police arrested him.)

• when the action itself is more important than the person/people who do it, as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, advertisements, instructions, processes etc. The wedding will be held on May 4th.

• when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an action, or when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to say who or what is to blame. The man was beaten to death.

Changing from the active into the passive:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence

• the active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a passive form

• the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with the preposition by or is omitted.

	Subject	Verb	Object
ACTIVE	The secretary	was typing	an email.
	Subject	Verb	Agent
PASSIVE	An email	was being typed	by the secretary.

• Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be changed into the passive. Active: Monkeys live in trees. (intransitive verb) No passive form: Trees are lived in by monkeys.

  Note: Some transitive verbs (have, exist, seem, fit, suit, resemble, lack etc) cannot be changed into the passive. Roy has a new bike. (NOT: A new bike is had by Roy.)

• We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. He got injured when he was trying to climb the tree. (instead of He was injured ...)

• By + the agent is used to say who or what carries out an action. With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to say what the agent used. The cake was made by Roselyn. It was made with fresh cream.

• The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he, someone/somebody, people, one etc. Somebody has opened the window. → The window has been opened.

• The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or important person, or when it is essential to the meaning of the sentence. Jurassic Park was directed by Steven Spielberg.

• With verbs which can take two objects, such as bring, tell, send, show, teach, promise, buy, sell, read, offer, give, lend etc, we can form two different passive sentences.

  Bob gave Jean flowers. (active)

  Jean was given flowers by Bob. (passive, more usual)

  Flowers were given to Jean by Bob. (passive, less usual)

• If in an active sentence a preposition follows a verb, then in the passive it is placed immediately after the verb. A snake bit Ann on the leg. Ann was bitten on the leg by a snake.

• The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by the bare infinitive in the active, but by the to-infinitive in the passive. She made me do my homework. I was made to do my homework.

• Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. The mother let the children watch TV. → The children were allowed to watch TV.

• To ask questions in the passive, we follow the same rules as for statements, keeping in mind that the verb is in the interrogative form. Have they received the email yet? → Has the email been received yet?

• When we want to find out who or what performed an action, the passive question form is Who/What ... by? Who was the book written by?

• The verbs believe, expect, feel, hope, know, report, say, think etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions.

  They expect he will pass his driving test.

  • subject (person) + passive verb + to inf

    He is expected to pass his driving test. (personal construction)

  • It + passive verb + that-clause

    It is expected that he will pass his driving test. (impersonal construction)

Решение 1.