Summary of Functions, страница 171 - гдз по английскому языку 10 класс (starlight) учебник Баранова, Дули

He can speak Japanese.

She's able to make people laugh.

He could/was able to speak Japanese. (repeated action – ability in the past)

We were able to go on a three-month tour of Australia. (single action)

He can still be at work. (90% certain)

She could be angry. (50% certain; it's possible she is angry)

Sally may be teaching. (50% certain; it's possible that she's teaching)

You might need to come tomorrow. (40% certain; perhaps you need to come tomorrow)

It is likely that Sue will give up working.

Sue is likely to give up working.

—

We could have had an accident. (luckily we didn't)

John may have broken that vase. (perhaps he did)

Jane might have lost our telephone number. (perhaps she has lost it)

It was likely that she had taken the last train.

She was likely to have taken the last train.

They will be in Spain tomorrow. (100% certain; prediction)

We should see him there. (90% certain; future only; it's probable)

She ought to be in Canada by now. (90% certain; she will probably be in Canada)

—

He should have finished by now. (He has probably finished.)

They ought to have started the course by now. (They have probably started the course.)

He must be exhausted. (90% certain – positive; I'm sure he's exhausted)

She can't be serious. (negative; I'm sure she's not serious)

They couldn't be on holiday. (negative; I don't think they are on holiday)

He must have won the competition. (positive; I'm sure he has won the competition)

She can't have married Ted. (negative; I'm sure she didn't marry Ted)

They couldn't have been friends. (negative; I don't think they were friends)

You can/can't have a party. (giving or refusing permission; informal)

Could I be excused? (polite; asking for permission)

You may be excused. (formal; giving permission)

Might I bring a friend to the wedding? (more formal; asking for permission)

I'm afraid you can't/mustn't have visitors. (informal; refusing permission)

Guests may not smoke in their rooms. (formal; refusing permission – written notice)

He wasn't allowed to/couldn't board the plane.

He was allowed to see the patient. (NOT: could)

—

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I must return these books soon. (I say so)

She has to find a new job. (necessity coming from outside the speaker)

They've got to sell their caravan. (informal)

The plants need watering. OR The plants need to be watered. (it's necessary)

She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't leave when they do. (it isn't necessary – absence of necessity)

We ought to reply to the invitation. (it's necessary)

I had to return the books to the library. (I was obliged to)

She had to find a new job after she was dismissed.

They had to sell their caravan.

The plants needed watering. OR The plants needed to be watered. (it was necessary)

She didn't have to/didn't need to work as hard as me. (it wasn't necessary for her to work as hard as me and she didn't – absence of necessity)

She needn't have got a taxi. (it wasn't necessary for her to get a taxi but she did)

You should try to make more of an effort. (general advice; I advise you)

You ought to keep to the speed limit. (I advise you; most people believe this)

You had better not keep her waiting. (It's a good idea; advice on a specific situation)

Shall I apply for the job? (asking for advice)

You should have paid more attention. (but you didn't)

She ought to have reserved a table. (but she didn't)

It would have been better if you hadn't kept her waiting. (but you did)

—

She could at least wait until 5 o'clock.

They should warn us.

You ought to be more polite to her.

She could at least have waited until 5 o'clock.

They should have warned us. (but they didn't)

You ought to have been more polite to her. (It was the right thing to do, but you didn't do it.)

I must get more exercise. (I need to; I say so)

I have to get more exercise. (I'm obliged to; the doctor says so)

We ought to give more money to charity. (It's the right thing to do, but we don't always do it.)

I had to get more exercise because I was unfit.

I had to get more exercise because I was unfit.

We ought to have given more money to charity. (It was the right thing to do but we didn't do it.)

Can I use your phone? (informal)

Could I use your phone? (polite)

May I make a phone call, please? (formal)

Might I borrow your pen? (very formal)

Will you give me a hand? (very friendly)

Would you mind helping me? (polite)

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Can I/we do anything to help? (informal)

Shall I/we help you tidy up? (informal)

Would you like me to do it for you?

—

—

—

Shall we stop for a drink?

I/We can always leave early.

We could eat out tonight if you want.

—

—

He could have asked for advice.

You can't wear jeans at work. (you aren't allowed to)

You mustn't walk on the grass. (it's forbidden)

You may not talk during the test. (formal)

They couldn't wear jeans at work. (they weren't allowed to)

—

—

All members must follow the rules.

People ought to live in peace. (It's the right thing to do, but people don't do it.)

All members had to follow the rules.

She ought to have treated us more fairly. (It was the right thing to do but she didn't always do it.)

He can speak Japanese.
(Он умеет говорить по-японски.)

She's able to make people laugh.
(Она умеет смешить людей.)

He could / was able to speak Japanese.
(Он умел/сумел говорить по-японски.) (повторяющееся действие - способность в прошлом)

We were able to go on a three-month tour of Australia.
(Мы смогли поехать в трехмесячный тур по Австралии.) (однократное действие)

He can still be at work.
(Он все еще может быть на работе.) (90% уверенности)

We could have had an accident.
(Мы могли попасть в аварию.) (к счастью, мы не попали)

She could be angry.
(Она может быть сердита.) (50% уверенности; возможно, она сердита).

Sally may be teaching.
(Салли может преподавать.) (50% уверенности; возможно, она преподает)

You might need to come tomorrow.
(Возможно, вам нужно прийти завтра.) (40% уверенности; возможно, вам нужно прийти завтра)

It is likely that Sue will give up working.
(Вероятно, что Сью бросит работу.)

Sue is likely to give up working.
(Сью, вероятно, бросит работу.)

They will be in Spain tomorrow.
(Завтра они будут в Испании.) (100% уверенности; предсказание)

We should see him there.
(Мы должны увидеть его там.) (90% уверенности; только будущее, вероятно)

She ought to be in Canada by now.
(Она уже должна быть в Канаде.) (90% уверенности; она, вероятно, будет в Канаде)

John may have broken that vase.
(Джон мог разбить эту вазу.) (возможно, он разбил).

Jane might have lost our telephone number.
(Джейн могла потерять наш номер телефона.) (возможно, она потеряла)

It was likely that she had taken the last train.
(Вероятно, она села на последний поезд.)

She was likely to have taken the last train.
(Скорее всего, она села на последний поезд.)

He should have finished by now.
(Он должен был уже закончить.) (Возможно, он уже закончил)

They ought to have started the course by now.
(Они должны были уже начать курс.) (Они, вероятно, начали курс).

He must be exhausted.
(Он должно быть, вымотался.) (90% уверенности - утверждение; Я уверен, что он устал).

She can't be serious.
(Она не может быть серьезной.) (отрицание; Я уверен, что она несерьезна)

They couldn't be on holiday.
(Они не могут быть в отпуске.) (отрицание; Я не думаю, что они в отпуске)

He must have won the competition.
(Должно быть, он выиграл соревнование.) (утверждение; Я уверен, что он выиграл соревнование)

She can't have married Ted.
(Она не могла выйти замуж за Теда.) (отрицание; Я не уверен, что она не вышла замуж за Теда).

They couldn't have been friends.
(Они не могли быть друзьями.) (отрицание; Я не думаю, что они были друзьями).

You can/can't have a party.
(Тебе можно/нельзя устраивать вечеринку.) (давая или не давая разрешение; неформально)

Could I be excused?
(Могу я отлучиться?) (вежливое обращение; просьба о разрешении)

You may be excused.
(Вы можете быть свободны.) (официально давая разрешение)

Might I bring a friend to the wedding?
(Могу я привести друга на свадьбу?) (более формально спрашивая разрешения)

I'm afraid you can't/mustn't have visitors.
(Боюсь, что вы не можете/не должны принимать гостей.) (неформально; отказ в разрешении)

Guests may not smoke in their rooms.
(Гостям запрещено курить в своих комнатах.) (формально; отказ в разрешении - письменное уведомление)

He wasn't allowed to/couldn't board the plane.
(Он не мог/не был допущен на борт самолета.)

He was allowed to see the patient. (НЕ: could).
(Ему разрешили осмотреть пациента.)

I must return these books soon.
(Я должен вернуть эти книги в ближайшее время.) (Я так сказал)

She has to find a new job.
(Ей нужно найти новую работу.) (необходимость, исходящая от говорящего)

They've got to sell their caravan.
(Они должны продать свой караван.) (неформально)

The plants need watering. ИЛИ The plants need to be watered.
(Растения нуждаются в поливе.) ИЛИ (Растения нужно полить.) (это необходимо)

She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't leave when they do.
(Она не должна/ей не нужно/не надо уходить, когда уходят они.) (это не обязательно - отсутствие необходимости)

We ought to reply to the invitation.
(Нам следует ответить на приглашение.) (это необходимо)

I had to return the books to the library.
(Мне нужно было вернуть книги в библиотеку.) (Я был вынужден)

She had to find a new job after she was dismissed.
(Ей пришлось найти новую работу после увольнения.)

They had to sell their caravan.
(Им пришлось продать свой караван.)

The plants needed watering. ИЛИ The plants needed to be watered.
(Растения нуждались в поливе.) ИЛИ (Растения нужно было полить.) (это необходимо)

She didn't have to/didn't need to work as hard as me.
(Ей не приходилось/не нужно было работать так много, как мне, и она не работала.) (отсутствие необходимости)

She needn't have got a taxi.
(Ей не обязательно было брать такси.) (Ей не нужно было брать такси, но она взяла).

You should try to make more of an effort.
(Вам следует приложить больше усилий.) (общий совет; я вам советую)

You ought to keep to the speed limit.
(Вам следует соблюдать скоростной режим.) (я советую так; большинство людей так считают)

You had better not keep her waiting.
(Вам лучше не заставлять ее ждать.) (это не очень хорошая идея; совет по поводу конкретной ситуации)

Shall I apply for the job?
(Стоит ли мне подавать резюме на эту работу?) (спрашивая совет)

You should have paid more attention.
(Вам следовало бы быть более внимательным.) (но вы этого не сделали)

She ought to have reserved a table.
(Ей следовало бы зарезервировать столик.) (но она этого не сделала)

It would have been better if you hadn't kept her waiting.
(Было бы лучше, если бы вы не заставляли ее ждать.) (но вы заставили)

She could at least wait until 5 o'clock.
(Она могла бы подождать хотя бы до 5 часов.)

They should warn us.
(Они должны предупредить нас.)

You ought to be more polite to her.
(Тебе следует быть более вежливым с ней.)

She could at least have waited until 5 o'clock.
(Она могла бы подождать хотя бы до 5 часов.)

They should have warned us.
(Они должны были предупредить нас.) (но они этого не сделали)

You ought to have been more polite to her.
(Вам следовало быть более вежливым с ней.) (это было правильно, но вы этого не сделали)

I must get more exercise.
(Я должен делать больше физических упражнений.) (мне нужно; я так говорю)

I have to get more exercise.
(Мне нужно делать больше упражнений.) (мне приходится; так сказал доктор).

We ought to give more money to charity.
(Нам следует отдавать больше денег на благотворительность.) (это правильно, но мы не всегда это делаем)

I had to get more exercise because I was unfit.
(Мне нужно было заниматься спортом, потому что я был не в форме.)

I had to get more exercise because I was unfit.
(Мне нужно было заниматься спортом, потому что я был не в форме.)

We ought to have given more money to charity.
(Нам следовало бы отдать больше денег на благотворительность.) (это было правильно, но мы этого не сделали)

Can I use your phone?
(Можно воспользоваться твоим телефоном?) (неформально)

Could I use your phone?
(Не мог бы я воспользоваться твоим телефоном?) (вежливо)

May I make a phone call, please?
(Не могли бы вы дать мне позвонить, пожалуйста?) (формально)

Might I borrow your pen?
(Не мог бы я взять вашу ручку?) (очень официально)

Will you give me a hand?
(Ты не поможешь мне?) (очень дружелюбно)

Would you mind helping me?
(Не поможете ли вы мне?) (вежливо)

Can I/we do anything to help?
(Могу ли я/мы чем-нибудь помочь?) (неформально)

Shall I/we help you tidy up?
(Может, мне/нам помочь прибраться?) (неформально)

Would you like me to do it for you?
(Не хотели бы вы, чтобы я сделал это за вас?)

Shall we stop for a drink?
(Может, остановимся попить?)

I/we can always leave early.
(Я/мы всегда можем уйти пораньше.)

We could eat out tonight if you want.
(Мы могли бы поужинать сегодня вечером, если хотите.)

He could have asked for advice.
(Он мог попросить совета.)

You can't wear jeans at work.
(На работе нельзя носить джинсы.) (вам не разрешается)

You mustn't walk on the grass.
(Нельзя ходить по траве.) (это запрещено)

You may not talk during the test.
(Во время теста вам запрещается разговаривать.) (формально)

They couldn't wear jeans at work.
(Им нельзя было носить джинсы на работе.) (им не разрешалось)

All members must follow the rules.
(Все члены группы должны следовать правилам.)

People ought to live in peace.
(Людям следует жить в мире.) (это правильно, но люди не делают этого).

All members had to follow the rules.
(Все члены клуба должны были следовать правилам.)

She ought to have treated us more fairly.
(Ей следовало бы относиться к нам более справедливо.) (это было правильно, но она не всегда так поступала)