номер 5, страница 69 - гдз по английскому языку 5-11 класс учебник Latham-Koenig, Oxenden

5 GRAMMAR permission, obligation, and necessity

a Look at the pairs of sentences. With a partner, say if they are the same or different in meaning. In which pair of sentences is there a difference in register?

1 It is not permitted to use your phone here.
You aren't allowed to use your phone here.

2 You'd better finish your water before we go through security.
You ought to finish your water before we go through security.

3 We aren't supposed to take photos here.
We mustn't take photos here.

4 You don't have to fill in the form now. You can do it later.
You needn't fill in the form now. You can do it later.

5 We should have left home early.
We had to leave home early.

b p.154 Grammar Bank 7A

7A

GRAMMAR BANK

permission, obligation, and necessity

can / could, must, should, ought to, had better

1 Can I use your phone, as my battery seems to have died?
I couldn't take any photos in the gallery, so I bought some postcards.
If you want to apply for this job, you must be able to speak Spanish.
We should / ought to drive – it'll be much quicker.

2 We should have / ought to have driven – it would have been quicker.

3 You'd better post the parcels today or they won't get there in time.

1 The most common modal verbs for talking about permission and obligation are can / could, must, and should / ought to.

We can also use May I...? to ask for permission, e.g. May I use your phone?

2 We can use should have or ought to have + past participle to talk about past events which did not happen and which we regret.

3 had better is stronger and more urgent than should / ought to and is often used to give strong advice or a warning. It normally refers to the immediate future.

The negative is had better not NOT hadn't better

mustn't / don't have to

You mustn't take photos during the performance.
You don't have to tip here unless you think the service was especially good.

mustn't and don't have to are completely different.

mustn't is used to express an obligation not to do something.
don't / doesn't have to is used to express an absence of obligation.

See 1A p.142 for information about have to and have got to to express obligation.

need

1 You usually need to check in at least two hours before a flight leaves.
You don't need to take a jacket. It's going to be hot today.

2 We needn't lock the car. Nobody will steal it in this village.

3 We needn't have booked / didn't need to book. The restaurant is empty!

4 We knew the way, so we didn't need to use the satnav.

1 We use need / don't need + to + infinitive to say that something is necessary / unnecessary. You can use these forms for habitual, general, and specific necessity.

2 When we want to say that something is unnecessary on a specific occasion, we can also use needn't + infinitive without to.

3 When something was not necessary, but you did it, you can use either needn't have + past participle or didn't need to + infinitive.

4 When something was not necessary, so you did not do it, you must use didn't need to. Compare:
We didn't need to book. (= It wasn't necessary. We may have booked or we may not.)
We needn't have booked. (= We booked, but it wasn't necessary.)

be able to, be allowed to, be permitted to, be supposed / meant to

1 From tomorrow we won't be able to park in this street.
You're not allowed / permitted to smoke in any public buildings in our country.

2 It is not permitted to take phones into the exam room.

3 We are supposed / meant to check out by 12.00. What's the time now?
You aren't supposed / meant to park here – it's reserved for teachers.

1 We often use person + be able to or be allowed to + infinitive instead of can to talk about what is possible or permitted.

2 it + be permitted to + infinitive is used in formal situations, e.g. notices and announcements, to say what can / can't be done according to the law or to rules and regulations.

We don't use it isn't allowed to... NOT It isn't allowed to take phones into the exam room.

3 We can also use be supposed to / be meant to + infinitive to say what people should or shouldn't do, often because of rules. There is often a suggestion that the rules are not necessarily obeyed, e.g. Students are not supposed / meant to have guests after 12.00, but everyone does.

a Circle the correct form. Tick (✔) if both are possible.

We couldn't / weren't allowed to go out at night when we were at boarding school. ✔

1 You aren't supposed / aren't meant to use your phone here, but everyone does.

2 You'd better not / don't have to use his computer. He hates other people touching it.

3 I shouldn't have / mustn't have lost my temper last night. I feel really guilty about it.

4 It is not permitted / not allowed to take flash photographs in this museum.

5 You can / need to pay cash here as they don't accept credit cards.

6 You are allowed / able to drive in the UK when you are 17.

7 We didn't need to get / needn't have got a visa, which was lucky, as we only booked our holiday at the last minute.

8 You really ought to have / should have got specialist advice about your back problem.

9 Japanese people don't need to / needn't get a visa to travel to China.

10 You don't have to / needn't bring your car – we can go in mine.

b Complete the sentences with three words.
Contractions count as one word.

If you don't finish your homework, you won't be able to watch TV.

1 You don't ___________ to go into the art gallery. Entrance is free.

2 We remind you that this is a non-smoking flight. Smoking ___________ anywhere on the aircraft.

3 You'd ___________ late – you know what Helen is like about punctuality!

4 You ___________ back until next month. I'm in no hurry for the money.

5 You ___________ you didn't like the pasta. You know how sensitive Daniel is about his cooking.

6 It was a difficult journey because we ___________ trains three times.

7 A lot of people think that governments ___________ more to protect young people's health.

8 You aren't ___________ e-cigarettes in pubs in the UK.

9 We just looked into each other's eyes – we ___________ say anything.

10 Am I ___________ a suit to the wedding, or is it quite informal?

Обведите правильную форму. Отметьте галочкой (✓), если возможны оба варианта.

Ответ:

1 We couldn't / weren't allowed to go out at night when we were at boarding school. ✓ (Both are possible) / Нам не разрешали выходить по ночам, когда мы учились в школе-интернате. ✓ (Оба варианта возможны)

2 You aren't supposed / aren't meant to use your phone here, but everyone does. ✓ (Both are possible) / Здесь не положено пользоваться телефоном, но все пользуются. ✓ (Оба варианта возможны)

3 You'd better not use his computer. He hates other people touching it. / Тебе лучше не пользоваться его компьютером. Он ненавидит, когда другие люди трогают его вещи.

4 I shouldn't have lost my temper last night. I feel really guilty about it. / Мне не следовало выходить из себя вчера вечером. Я чувствую себя очень виноватым из-за этого.

5 It is not permitted / not allowed to take flash photographs in this museum. ✓ (Both are possible) / В этом музее не разрешается фотографировать со вспышкой. ✓ (Оба варианта возможны)

6 You need to pay cash here as they don't accept credit cards. / Здесь нужно платить наличными, так как они не принимают кредитные карты.

7 You are allowed / able to drive in the UK when you are 17. ✓ (Both are possible) / В Великобритании разрешено водить машину с 17 лет. ✓ (Оба варианта возможны)

8 We didn't need to get a visa, which was lucky, as we only booked our holiday at the last minute. / Нам не нужно было получать визу, что было удачей, так как мы забронировали отпуск в последнюю минуту.

9 You really ought to have / should have got specialist advice about your back problem. ✓ (Both are possible) / Тебе действительно стоило получить консультацию специалиста по поводу твоей проблемы со спиной. ✓ (Оба варианта возможны)

10 Japanese people don't need to / needn't get a visa to travel to China. ✓ (Both are possible) / Японцам не нужна виза для поездки в Китай. ✓ (Оба варианта возможны)

11 You don't have to / needn't bring your car – we can go in mine. ✓ (Both are possible) / Тебе не нужно брать свою машину – мы можем поехать на моей. ✓ (Оба варианта возможны)

Дополните предложения тремя словами. Сокращения считаются одним словом.

Ответ:

1 You don't have to pay to go into the art gallery. Entrance is free. / Вам не нужно платить, чтобы войти в картинную галерею. Вход бесплатный.

2 We remind you that this is a non-smoking flight. Smoking is not permitted anywhere on the aircraft. / Напоминаем вам, что это рейс для некурящих. Курение не разрешается нигде на борту самолета.

3 You'd better not be late – you know what Helen is like about punctuality! / Тебе лучше не опаздывать – ты же знаешь, как Элен относится к пунктуальности!

4 You don't need to pay me back until next month. I'm in no hurry for the money. / Тебе не нужно возвращать мне деньги до следующего месяца. Я не тороплюсь с деньгами.

5 You shouldn't have said you didn't like the pasta. You know how sensitive Daniel is about his cooking. / Тебе не следовало говорить, что тебе не понравилась паста. Ты же знаешь, какой Дэниел чувствительный, когда дело касается его готовки.

6 It was a difficult journey because we had to change trains three times. / Это была трудная поездка, потому что нам пришлось трижды пересаживаться на другие поезда.

7 A lot of people think that governments ought to do more to protect young people's health. / Многие люди считают, что правительства должны делать больше для защиты здоровья молодежи.

8 You aren't allowed to use e-cigarettes in pubs in the UK. / В пабах Великобритании не разрешено использовать электронные сигареты.

9 We just looked into each other's eyes – we didn't need to say anything. / Мы просто посмотрели друг другу в глаза – нам не нужно было ничего говорить.

10 Am I supposed to wear a suit to the wedding, or is it quite informal? / Мне полагается надеть костюм на свадьбу, или она довольно неформальная?